import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


# f(x) = sqrt(2(x^2 - 8)) + x, for x < -4
# f(x) = 2^(x+4), for x >= -4

x1 = np.linspace(-12, -4, 500, endpoint=False)
y1 = np.sqrt(2 * (x1**2 - 8)) + x1

x2 = np.linspace(-4, 4, 500)
y2 = 2 ** (x2 + 4)

plt.figure(figsize=(8, 5))
plt.plot(x1, y1, label=r"$f(x)=\sqrt{2(x^2-8)}+x$, $x<-4$", color="tab:blue")
plt.plot(x2, y2, label=r"$f(x)=2^{x+4}$, $x\geq-4$", color="tab:orange")

# Open circle at x = -4 for first branch
y_left_limit = np.sqrt(2 * ((-4) ** 2 - 8)) - 4
plt.scatter(-4, y_left_limit, facecolors="white", edgecolors="tab:blue", s=80, zorder=5)

# Closed circle at x = -4 for second branch
y_at_minus4 = 2 ** (0)
plt.scatter(-4, y_at_minus4, color="tab:orange", s=80, zorder=5)

plt.axhline(0, color="black", linewidth=0.8)
plt.axvline(0, color="black", linewidth=0.8)
plt.grid(True, linestyle="--", alpha=0.5)
plt.xlim(-12, 4)
plt.ylim(-2, max(y2) * 1.1)
plt.title("Gráfico de $f(x)$")
plt.xlabel("x")
plt.ylabel("f(x)")
plt.legend()
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()